Coopérer en tant que pairs : justice du travail entre égalité distributive et relationnelle

Le travail est sous-représenté dans les débats sur la justice sociale. La thèse contribue à combler cette lacune, en considérant le problème de la justice du travail avec une attention particulière aux inégalités du travail.Premièrement, la thèse montre que les théories de la justice ne sont que partiellement équipées pour considérer la justice du travail. La thèse analyse des modèles normatifs de plusieurs traditions : justice distributive, théorie critique, égalitarisme relationnel, perspectives normatives du travail. La thèse considère chaque modèle à la fois comme un interlocuteur critique et comme une ressource potentielle dans la conceptualisation de la justice du travail. On considère trois cas paradigmatiques d’inégalité du travail, évalués à travers un « test de justice contributive » : le « sale boulot », la division genrée du travail, et l’« hétéromation » technologique. L’analyse montre que sans une conception d'égalité, on n'a pas d’outils pour répondre à des formes contestables de division du travail. Si l’on veut éviter de défendre une perspective de « meaningful work pour quelques-uns », il faut que l’autonomie et la liberté s’accompagnent de considérations d’égalité.Deuxièmement, la thèse propose une perspective alternative centrée sur la norme de « parité contributive ». Selon cet idéal, les formes de travail injustes doivent être transformées lorsqu’elles empêchent aux individus de contribuer à la coopération sociale en tant que pairs, et non parce qu’elles ne se conforment pas un sens intrinsèque du travail ou une idée prédéfinie de nature humaine (pluralisme). De cette façon, cette conception de justice du travail prévient les conséquences paternalistes et le solipsisme moral de certaines théories du « meaningful work », tout en défendant la justice du travail. Globalement, cette norme contribue à recentrer le débat de problèmes concernant le sens intrinsèque du travail et la réalisation de soi, au problème de la juste coopération.Puisque les conditions de la justice du travail ne peuvent pas être satisfaites que par les principes de libre choix de l’occupation ou la redistribution, mais concernent aussi les relations sociales, les processus décisionnels, et la nature des tâches et des occupations, la thèse défend une conception multidimensionnelle de justice du travail. La parité contributive demande que pour que tous puissent contribuir à la coopération sociale en tant que pairs, au moins quatre dimensions de justice du travail doivent être satisfaites : économique-distributive (égale liberté du besoin matériel pour un réél libre choix de l’occupation, et juste accès au produit de son travail et de la richesse sociale) ; sociale-relationnelle (être traité.e.s comme égaux soit dans les interactions soit dans les structures du travail) ; politique-démocratique (prendre part aux décisions concernant son travail), et contributive (la qualité et la quantité du travail). La parité contributive est mieux réalisée quand ces dimensions de justice du travail sont réalisées conjointement.Le concept de parité contributive est une réinterprétation dans le contexte de la justice du travail de la norme de « parité participative » proposée par Nancy Fraser (2003). La thèse amende et développe autonomement certaines de ses intuitions, dans la direction d’une conception de justice du travail multidimensionnelle, égalitaire, déontologique, et pluraliste, alors qu’elle incorpore des intuitions de l’égalitarisme relationnel et de la justice distributive dans un cadre plus compréhensif. Globalement, au lieu d’offrir une véritable théorie de justice du travail, l’idéal de parité contributive se propose d’offrir un standard critique-normatif aidant à évaluer formes existantes de division du travail et stratégies de justice du travail en compétition, et donc à envisager des formes de travail alternatives.Despite its relevance, work is underrepresented in debates about social justice. In this way, political philosophy remains distant from real people’s lives, and cannot address objectionable forms of work. The thesis contributes to fill in this gap, addressing the problem of labor justice with particular attention to labor inequalities.First, the thesis shows that the resources provided by most contemporary views of justice are only partly equipped to address problems of labor justice. Normative models belonging to various traditions are scrutinized: distributive justice, critical theory, relational egalitarianism, contemporary normative debates about work. The thesis considers each of these models both as a critical interlocutor and as a potential resource in the conceptualization of labor justice. Three paradigmatic cases of labor inequality are thus considered to assess these models through a “contributive justice test”: “dirty work”, the gendered division of labor, and technological heteromation. The analysis shows that without some conception of equality, we have no tools to address objectionable forms of division of labor. And in order to avoid a view of “meaningful work for the few”, concerns for autonomy and freedom are to be complemented with concerns for equality.Second, the thesis suggests an alternative perspective based on the norm of “contributive parity”. According to this ideal, unjust forms of work are to be changed when they prevent people from contributing to social cooperation as peers, not because they do not meet some inherent meaning of work or fail to fulfill some predefined idea of human nature (pluralism). This way, this conception of labor justice avoids the paternalistic consequences and moral solipsism of some theories of meaningful work, while still defending the need for justice at work. Overall, this norm contributes to shift the focus of the debate from problems of the inherent meaning of work and self-realization, to the problem of fair cooperation.Since requirements of labor justice cannot be met by free occupational choice or income redistribution alone, but relate also to social relationships, decision-making processes, and the nature of tasks and occupations, the thesis advocates a multidimensional conception of laborjustice. Contributive parity requires that in order for all to contribute to social cooperation as peers, at least four dimensions of labor justice should be satisfied: economic- distributive (equal freedom from material need for real free occupational choice, and fair access to the product of one’s labor as well as to social wealth), social-relational (being treated as equals both in labor interactions and in labor structures), political-democratic (taking part in decisions that concern one’s work), and contributive (the quality and quantity of one’s labor). Contributive parity isbest realized when these dimensions of labor justice are realized jointly: it is not sufficient that wage is fair, one should consider also workers’ status, voice and contributive justice (multidimensionality). This way, concerns for distributive justice are not merely dismissed, but rather integrated into a more comprehensive framework. The concept of contributive parity is a reinterpretation in the context of labor justice of the norm of “participatory parity” proposed by Nancy Fraser (2003). The thesis autonomously amends and develops some of her intuitions into thedirection of a multidimensional, egalitarian, deontological, and pluralist view of labor justice, while incorporating insights from relational egalitarianism and distributive justice into a more comprehensive framework. Overall, far from offering a fully-fledged theory of labor justice,the ideal of contributive parity is intended to provide a critical-normative standard that helps to assess existing forms of division of labor and competing strategies of labor justice, and therefore to envisage alternative, fair forms of work

Cooperating As Peers: Labor Justice Between Distributive and Relational Equality

Despite its relevance, work is underrepresented in debates about social justice. In this way, political philosophy remains distant from real people s lives, and cannot address objectionable forms of work. The thesis contributes to fill in this gap, addressing the problem of labor justice with particular attention to labor inequalities. First, the thesis shows that the resources provided by most contemporary views of justice are only partly equipped to address problems of labor justice. Normative models belonging to various traditions are scrutinized: distributive justice, critical theory, relational egalitarianism, contemporary normative debates about work. The thesis considers each of these models both as a critical interlocutor and as a potential resource in the conceptualization of labor justice. Three paradigmatic cases of labor inequality are thus considered to assess these models through a contributive justice test : dirty work , the gendered division of labor, and technological heteromation. The analysis shows that without some conception of equality, we have no tools to address objectionable forms of division of labor. And in order to avoid a view of meaningful work for the few , concerns for autonomy and freedom are to be complemented with concerns for equality. Second, the thesis suggests an alternative perspective based on the norm of contributive parity . According to this ideal, unjust forms of work are to be changed when they prevent people from contributing to social cooperation as peers, not because they do not meet some inherent meaning of work or fail to fulfill some predefined idea of human nature (pluralism). This way, this conception of labor justice avoids the paternalistic consequences and moral solipsism of some theories of meaningful work, while still defending the need for justice at work. Overall, this norm contributes to shift the focus of the debate from problems of the inherent meaning of work and self-realization, to the problem of fair cooperation. Since requirements of labor justice cannot be met by free occupational choice or income redistribution alone, but relate also to social relationships, decision-making processes, and the nature of tasks and occupations, the thesis advocates a multidimensional conception of labor justice. Contributive parity requires that in order for all to contribute to social cooperation as peers, at least four dimensions of labor justice should be satisfied: economic- distributive (equal freedom from material need for real free occupational choice, and fair access to the product of one s labor as well as to social wealth), social-relational (being treated as equals both in labor interactions and in labor structures), political-democratic (taking part in decisions that concern one s work), and contributive (the quality and quantity of one s labor). Contributive parity is best realized when these dimensions of labor justice are realized jointly: it is not sufficient that wage is fair, one should consider also workers status, voice and contributive justice (multidimensionality). This way, concerns for distributive justice are not merely dismissed, but rather integrated into a more comprehensive framework. The concept of contributive parity is a reinterpretation in the context of labor justice of the norm of participatory parity proposed by Nancy Fraser (2003). The thesis autonomously amends and develops some of her intuitions into the direction of a multidimensional, egalitarian, deontological, and pluralist view of labor justice, while incorporating insights from relational egalitarianism and distributive justice into a more comprehensive framework. Overall, far from offering a fully-fledged theory of labor justice, the ideal of contributive parity is intended to provide a critical-normative standard that helps to assess existing forms of division of labor and competing strategies of labor justice, and therefore to envisage alternative, fair forms of work

Chronique « Philosophie morale et politique » 2020-2021

International audienceLa Chronique « Philosophie morale et politique » est réalisée pour la Revue de métaphysique et de morale par une équipe de rédacteurs. Elle est coordonnée par Caroline Guibet Lafaye et Fabien Ferri, et sous la responsabilité de ce dernier au sein du Centre de Documentation et de Bibliographie Philosophiques de l’Université de Franche-Comté (EA 2274 CDBP - Logiques de l’Agir)

Diversity of the hepatitis C virus NS5B gene during HIV co-infection.

Viral diversity is an important feature of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and an important predictor of disease progression and treatment response. HIV/HCV co-infection is associated with enhanced HCV replication, increased fibrosis, and the development of liver disease. HIV also increases quasispecies diversity of HCV structural genes, although limited data are available regarding the impact of HIV on non-structural genes of HCV, particularly in the absence of direct-acting therapies. The genetic diversity and presence of drug resistance mutations within the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) gene were examined in 3 groups of women with HCV genotype 1a infection, including those with HCV mono-infection, antiretroviral (ART)-naïve women with HIV/HCV co-infection and CD4 cell count <350 cells/mm3, and ART-naïve women with HIV/HCV co-infection and CD4 cell count ≥350 cells/mm3. None had ever been treated for HCV infection. There was evidence of significant diversity across the entire NS5B gene in all women. There were several nucleotides and amino acids with distinct distributions across the three study groups, although no obvious clustering of NS5B sequences was observed based on HIV co-infection or CD4 cell count. Polymorphisms at amino acid positions associated with resistance to dasabuvir and sofosbuvir were limited, although the Q309R variant associated with ribavirin resistance was present in 12 individuals with HCV mono-infection, 8 HIV/HCV co-infected individuals with CD4 <350 cells/mm3, and 12 HIV/HCV co-infected individuals with CD4 ≥350 cells/mm3. Previously reported fitness altering mutations were rare. CD8+ T cell responses against the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B57-restricted epitopes NS5B2629-2637 and NS5B2936-2944 are critical for HCV control and were completely conserved in 44 (51.8%) and 70 (82.4%) study participants. These data demonstrate extensive variation across the NS5B gene. Genotypic variation may have a profound impact on HCV replication and pathogenesis and deserves careful evaluation

Original Contribution Smoking and Time to Clearance of Human Papillomavirus Infection in HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Women

Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection seems central to cervical carcinogenesis. Smoking is associated with cervical cancer in HPV DNA-positive women, but its association with HPV persistence is unclear, particularly with respect to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus. The authors evaluated smoking and HPV clearance by HIV serostatus among 801 women from the HIV Epidemiology Research Study (United States, 1993–2000). Type-specific HPV duration was defined as the interval between initial MY09/11 polymerase chain reaction positivity and the first of two consecutive HPV-negative study visits. Hazard ratios adjusted for stud

Temperament in suicidal and non-suicidal psychiatric inpatients

Suicide is a serious public health problem. In the international literature there is evidence to support the notion that certain temperaments and personality traits are often associated with suicidal behavior. In this study, 150 psychiatric inpatients were investigated using the TEMPS-A, the MMPI-2 and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and evaluated for suicide risk through the critical items of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Statistical analysis, including linear regression analysis and multiple regression analysis, showed that suicide risk contributed to the prediction of hopelessness. Among the temperaments, only the Hyperthymic temperament, as a protective factor, and the Dys/Cyc/Anx temperament contributed significantly to the prediction of hopelessness. Irritable temperament and Social Introversion were protective factors for suicidal risk. Hopelessness and depression were associated with higher suicidal behavior and ideation, but, unexpectedly, depression as measured by the MMPI did not contribute significant to the multiple regression. The present study indicated that, although suicidal psychiatric patients have MMPI-2’s profiles in the pathologic range, they exhibit several differences from nonsuicidal patients. Patients at risk of suicide have specific temperaments as well as personality and defense mechanism profiles. They are more social introverted, depressed and psychasthenic, and use hysterical and schizoid mechanisms more often. Generalizability of the findings was limited by the small sample size, mix of BPD-I, BPD-II, MDD and psychotic disorder patients

Phylogenetic tree based on consensus 5′UTR sequences for 70 HIV/GBV-C co-infected women.

<p>GenBank reference sequences are indicated by open circles. Relevant posterior probabilities (out of 1.00) are shown. The scale bar indicates 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.</p

Demographic and clinical data for 306 HIV-positive women from the HERS cohort included in the current study.

<p>In parentheses are percentages unless otherwise noted. Numbers in brackets denote women with available data. P-values <0.10 are provided, although only p-values <0.05 are considered statistically significant. NS = not significant (p≥0.10); SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.</p><p>Demographic and clinical data for 306 HIV-positive women from the HERS cohort included in the current study.</p